IoT Notes

Ch01 Introduction to Internet of Things

1. Wi-Fi 6 / 6E (2019 → Now very common)

Distance: 30–100m indoor, 200m outdoor
Use: Home automation, CCTV, Smart appliances, Alexa/Google devices
How to use: Wi-Fi router + IoT devices (smart bulbs, cameras) → controls through mobile App
Supportable Companies Devices: Router companies (TP-Link, Netgear), Devices (Philips Hue, Mi Home, Alexa)
✅ Advantages: Fast internet, easy availability
❌ Disadvantages: More power consumption, Limited Range
Why are we using: When you want to video, audio, fast data

2. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE 5.0–5.3, 2020–अब standard)

Distance: 10–50m
Use: Wearables, fitness bands, smart locks, medical sensors
How to use: BLE-enabled device + Mobile app (Mi Band, Apple Watch, BP Monitor)
Supportable Companies Devices: Device makers (Apple, Xiaomi, Fitbit) and Mobile apps
✅ Advantages: Ultra low power, Cheaper, mobile compatible
❌ Disadvantages: Short range, slow data
Why are we using: If you want to save battery, and a short-range connection

3. Zigbee 3.0 (2016 → अब भी smart homes में standard)

Distance: 10–100m (Extended through Mesh)
Use: Smart bulbs, sensors, home automation hubs
How to use: Zigbee hub (Amazon Echo, Xiaomi Gateway) + IoT devices
Supportable Companies Devices: Zigbee Alliance (अब → CSA), Philips Hue, Xiaomi Smart Home
✅ Advantages: Low power, mesh networking से coverage बढ़ेगी
❌ Disadvantages: Low speed, Wi-Fi जितना fast नहीं
Why are we using: जब multiple small devices को network में जोड़ना हो

4. LoRaWAN (2015 से use, 2024–25 में Smart cities & Agriculture में boom)

Distance: 2–15 km (urban), 15–40 km (rural)
Use: Agriculture (soil, weather sensors), smart parking, water meters
How to use: LoRaWAN Gateway + IoT sensor + Cloud dashboard
Supportable Companies Devices: The Things Network (TTN), Semtech chips, gateways (Kerlink, Multitech)
✅ Advantages: Long range, battery efficient (5–10 साल तक)
❌ Disadvantages: सिर्फ छोटे data packets, real-time नहीं
Why are we using: जब remote location monitoring चाहिए और low data काफी है

5. NB-IoT (2016 से, अब 4G/5G में available)

Distance: Cellular network coverage (कई km से पूरे शहर तक)
Use: Smart meters, health IoT, asset tracking
How to use: IoT SIM card + NB-IoT enabled device + Telecom operator’s IoT platform
Supportable Companies Devices: Jio, Airtel, Vodafone (India में), Huawei, Ericsson solutions
✅ Advantages: Wide coverage, battery-friendly, licensed spectrum (secure)
❌ Disadvantages: SIM + subscription cost, operator dependency
Why are we using: जब large-scale devices को wide coverage पर connect करना हो

6. 5G IoT (2020 launch, अब industries adopt कर रहीं)

Distance: Cellular (हर जगह जहां 5G है)
Use: Smart cars, robotics, AR/VR IoT, industrial automation
How to use: 5G-enabled IoT device + SIM + 5G network + control software
Supportable Companies Devices: Telecom providers (Jio, Airtel, Verizon), device makers (Qualcomm, Ericsson)
✅ Advantages: Ultra-fast, low latency (<1 ms)
❌ Disadvantages: अभी हर जगह available नहीं, महंगा
Why are we using: जब real-time control और high-speed data जरूरी हो

7. RFID (पुराना, लेकिन आज भी उपयोगी)

8. Sigfox (2010s से, limited countries में popular)